VOCABULARY 1ST ESO

VOCABULARY UNIT 1. PLANET EARTH Artificial satellite: Spacecraft placed in orbit around the Earth or another star and used to gather and transmit information. Axis: Imaginary line through the middle of an object like a planet, around which it seems to rotate. Cartography: The art of making maps and also de science of their study. Conical:  is shaped like a cone. Cylindrical: is in the shape of a cylinder. Equinox: It is one of the two days in the year when day and night are of equal length. Hemisphere: Two halves of the Earth divided by the Equator. Latitude: The distance between any point on the Earth’s surface and parallel 0º (Equator) Leap year: A year with 366 days. Longitude: The distance between any point on the Earth’s surface and 0º meridian (Greenwich) Map: Representation, usually on a plane surface, of part of the Earth’s surface. Meridians: North-south semicircles drawn from pole to pole. The prime meridian or 0º is the Greenwich meridian, which is the reference for all the other meridians. Network: System of intersecting horizontal and vertical lines. Official time: Time established in a country by government institutions; it may be ahead or behind solar time. Parallels: East:west lines drawn around the Earth. Parallel 0º is the Equator. Planet: Celestial body without its own light, which revolves around a star such as the Sun. Projection: It is the act of projecting it onto a screen or wall. Poles: Two geographical points on the Earth’s surface. The top point is called the North Pole and the bottom one theSouth Pole. Ray: Line of energy in the form of light or heat. Relief: It is a sculpture that is carved out of a flat vertical surface. Revolution: The movement of the Earth around the Sun. Rotation: The movement of the Earth on its axis. Scale: It is a set of levels or numbers which are used in a particular system of measuring things or are used when  comparing things. Solstice:  either of the two points on the ecliptic  at which the  sun is  overhead at the tropic of Cancer. Surface: Outside part or top layer of something. Time zone: It is one of the areas into which the world is divided where the time is calculated as being a particular number of hours behind or  ahead of GMT. VOCABULARY UNIT 2. RELIEF AND WATER Alluvial plain: It is a flat, fertile area where the river deposits sediment. Archipelago: It is a group of islands. Basin: It is natural depression, or low areas of land. Some are below sea level. Bay: It is a small gulf. Beach: It is a flat coastal area. Canyon: It is a deep channel with steep walls. Cape: It is a part of the coast which extends into the sea. Cliff: They are steep rock formations in high coastal areas. Continental Drift: It is a new theory. There was only continent, which broke up millions of years ago. (Pangaea). Continental shelf: It is a place near coastlines. These shelves are vast plateaus which reach of 150 metres. Continental slope: It is a place to lead down to the deeper part of oceans. Core: It is the deepest layer of the Earth. The core is part solid and part liquid. Crater: It is the upper of volcano when magma comes out. Crust: It is the surface layer of the Earth. It is a thin, solid layer made of rock. Delta: It is a triangular area at the mouth of a river. Earthquake:It is caused by plate tectonics. When two plates crash, there is a release of energy that makes the ground vibrate. This vibration is an earthquake. Erosion: It is the fragmentation and dissolution of rocks, soil and mud, which is transported by wind or water. Estuary: It is the part of a river where it meets the sea. Fault: They are blocks rise or sink. Fluvial erosion: the rivers erode materials, and create deep valleys and canyons. Fold: They are created when the Earth’s surface undulates where plates collide. Gulf: It is a large area of a sea or ocean partially enclosed by land. Island: It is an area of land surrounded by water on all sides. Isthmus: It connects a peninsula to a continent. Lava: It is magma comes out of a volcano. Lower course: It is down part the river. Lower mantle: It is the intermediate layer. It has a depth of 700 to 3,000 km. Magma: It is molten rock. It is a very hot material that comes out when a volcano is an opening. Mantle: It is the intermediate layer of the Earth. This layer is almost 85% of the Earth’s volume. Marine Erosion: waves and currents wear away coasts and create cliffs. The water transports the sediment and deposits it. It forms beaches. Middle course:It is a middle part the river. Mountain: They are high landforms with steep sides. Mountain range: It is a group of mountains. Ocean Ridge: It is a large mountain range in the ocean floor Ocean Trench: They are large, deep depressions in the ocean floor. Peninsula: It is an area of land surrounded by water on all sides except one. Pipe: It is a part of volcano through the magma rises. Plain: They are low, flat areas of land. Plateau: They are large, raised plains. Sediment: They are the erosion’s materials which rests on a basin. Solution: water dissolves some rocks, such as limestone, producing unusual caves and landscapes. Tectonic Plate: They are the different plates the Earth’s crust. It is a theory Tsunami: It is an earthquake on the ocean floor. Upper course: It is  the high part in  a river. Upper mantle: this is a  layer of the Earth that  has a depth of 70 to 700 km. It is below the crust. Valley:It is an area of low land between mountains. Volcano:It is an opening in the surface of the Earth through which very hot material comes out. Waterfall: It is a section of a river where the water falls vertically. Water Cycle: It is the process when the water changes its physical state. Fresh water: It is the water found in rivers, lakes, glaciers, groundwater and at the poles. Groundwater: It is the water run and is scored under the ground. Flow: It is the amount of water it carries Basin: It is the area occupied by a river and its tributaries. Tributaries: It is smaller rivers flowing into a large river. Source: It is the place of a river starts. Glaciers: They are masses of ice created by the accumulation of snow. Lakes: They are permanent masses of water which have accumulated inland. Wadis: They are basins in the desert. Rivers: They are permanent currents of water Canals: It is build by human beings, and used to transport water. Reservoirs: They are artificial lakes to store water. Water supply: It is the water in reservoirs and is offered to people and industries. Dams: They are build of human beings used to produce electricity. Hydroelectric power station: It is a station used to produced electricity through the water. Salinity: It is the amount of salt with containing the oceans and seas. Warm current: These currents are produced when the temperature of a current is higher than the water around it. Cold current: These currents are produced when the temperature of a current is colder than the water around it. Tides: They are the diary rise and fall of the water level. They are caused by the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun. Waves: They are undulations of the surface of the water produced by wind. High tide: This tide is produced when rise the level of sea. Low tide: This tide is produced when falls the level of sea. Lagoons: It is smaller lakes. Inland seas: It is a saltwater lake. Ocean currents: They are large masses of water, similar to rivers, which circulate through oceans. Aquifers: It is forms when the water can´t pass through the impermeable rocks Springs: It is forms when groundwater finds a way to the surface. They can be cold or hold water. Drinking water: It is the water you can drink. Groundwater is valuable because there are drinking water. Icebergs: It is a floating mass of ice. Consumption: It is the fresh water which use the human being for life. It is only 0.014%. Droughts: It is shortage of water. Floods: It is excess of water Water Pollution: It is large amount of materials are added to a body of water. Acid rain: It contains harmful chemicals such as sulfur and nitrogen. These chemicals are released into the atmosphere as gases. VOCABULARY UNIT 3. THE CONTINENTS Desert: is a large area of land, usually in a hot region, where there is almost no water,  rain, trees, or plants Faults: A fault is a large crack in the surface of the earth. Flood: It is excess of water. Flow: If a liquid gas, or electrical current, flows somewhere, it moves there steadily and continuously. Monsoon:  is the season in Southern  Asia when there is a lot of very heavy rain. Uninhabited: An uninhabited place is one where nobody lives. Volcanic: means coming from or created by volcanoes. VOCABULARY UNIT 4. CLIMATE (WEATHER) AND BIOCLIMATIC ZONES Weather: It refers to the state of the atmosphere in a place at a specific time. Climate: It refers to the state of the atmosphere in a place over a long period of time. Weather station: The place where it studies the weather and climate. Axis: It is the point where the Earth rotates. Orbits: It is the way that follows the Earth in her revolution around the Sun. Cold zone: It is the zone whithin the polar circle. In this area, the temperatures are always cold. Latitude: It consists that the areas near the Equator rain more than the other areas. Altitude:It consists that it rains more in high areas than in low areas. Inland climates: It is a climate which is much hotter in summer and much colder in winter. Humidity: It is amount of water vapor in the air. Anticyclones: It is areas with a high pressure. Depressions: It is areas with a low pressure. Anticlockwise: It is the opposite sense to the clock wise. Average temperature: It is the average of the temperatures in an area. Maximum temperature: It is the highest temperature of an area. Minimum temperature: It is the lowest temperature in an area. Jet Stream: It is a wind that blows from east to west and it is found in the temperate zones. Global wind patterns: It is the group of every winds on the Earth. Doldrums: It is a place where the wind don’t blow Sea breeze: It is a type of synoptic winds which is blowing from the sea towards the land by day. Rotation: It is when the Earth spins on a imaginary straight line called axis. Revolution around the Sun: It is the movement of the Earth around the Sun. That produces the year and the seasons. Equinoxes: It is the moment that mark the beginning of Autumn and spring Solstices: It is the moment that mark the beginning of winter and summer. Thermometer: It is the tool necessary to measured the temperature. Hot zone:It is the zone where the Sun’s rays reach the earth in perpendicular angle all year round, so temperatures are always high. Temperate zone: It is the zone between the tropics and polar circle. In this area the temperatures are temperate. Precipitation: It is droplets that fall on the Earth’s surface. Convectional rain: This is a type of rainfall characteristic of hot climates. Orographic/ Relief rain: This is a type of rainfall characteristic of mountains regions. Frontal rain: This is a type of rainfall takes place at the boundary, between a mass of warm air and a mass of cold air. Front: It is the boundary between different air masses. Atmospheric pressure: It is the force exerted at a specific point on the Earth´s surface by the weight of the air above it. Prevailing winds: These winds always blow in the same direction. Periodic winds: These winds change direction seasonally. Seasons:Different moments around the year when temperatures and rainfalls change. It are produced with the orbit of the Earth. Synoptic winds: These winds change daily. Trade wind: These are winds influenced by the surrounding geography. Water vapor: It is the water evaporated. Land breeze: It is a type of breeze given in the land. VOCABULARY UNIT 5. WORLD LANDSCAPES Resources: sources of economic wealth , esp. of a country (mineral, land, labour, etc) or business enterprise  (capital, equipment, personnel, etc) Conservation: is saving and protecting  the environment. Contamination: the act or process of contaminating  or the state of being contaminated Favourable: Favourable conditions make something more likely to succeed or seem more attractive.  Overexploitation: The unsustainable use of natural resources and overexploitation, which occurs when harvesting exceeds reproduction of wild plant and animal species, continues to be a major threat to biodiversity.  Protected areas: is used to describe  animals, plants, and areas of land which the law does not allow to be destroyed, harmed, or damaged. Temperature oscillation: Climate oscillations are the result of precipitation and temperature variations and can strongly influence soil biota and their biological interactions. Jungle: A jungle is a forest in a tropical country where large numbers of tall  fact trees and plants grow very close together. Diversity: The diversity of something is the that it contains many very different elements. Logging: It is the activity of cutting down trees in or to sell the wood. Deforestation: The cutting down of trees in a large area, or the destruction of forests by people  Humid: You use humid to describe  an atmosphere  or climate that is very damp, and usually very hot  Gathering: A meeting of people coming together in a group. Dam: A dam is a wall  that is built across a river in order to stop  the water flowing and to make a lake. Scattered: Things are spread over an area in an untidy or irregular way Millet: It is a cereal  crop that is grown for its seeds or for hay  Shifting cultivation: A land:use system, esp in tropical Africa, in which a tract  of land is cultivated until its fertility diminishes , when it is  abandoned until this is restored naturally.  Downpours: A downpour is a sudden and unexpected  heavy fall of rain. Shepherding: A person whose job is to take care of sheep and move them from on place to another.  Oak: An oak or an oak tree is a large tree that often  grows in woods  and forests an strong, hard wood. Beech: A beech or a beech tree is a tree with a smooth greytrunk. Chestnut: It is a tall tree broadleaves Lime tree: A large tree with leaves shaped like a heart and pale yellow flowers Ash tree: It is a tree that has smooth  grey bark  and loses  its leaves in winter. Elm: It is a tree that has broad leaves which it  loses in winter. Heather: It is a low, spreading  plant with small purple, pink or white flowers. Heather grows wild  in Europe  on high land with poorsoil . Fern: A fern is a plant that has long stems with feathery leaves and no flowers. There are many types of fern. Pasture: It is land with grass growing on it for  farm animals to eat . Hedges: A hedge is a row of bushes or small trees, usually along the edge of a garden, field, or road. Fir: A fir or a fir tree is a tallevergreen tree that has thin needle:like leaves. Larch: A larch is a tree with needle:shaped leaves. Birch: A birch or a birch tree is a type of tall tree with thin branches. Holm oak: An evergreen Mediterranean oak tree, Quercus ilex , widely planted for ornament : the leaves are holly:like when young but become smooth:edged with age . Cork oak: An evergreen Mediterranean oak  tree, Quercus suber, with a porousouterbark from which cork is obtained. Rockrose: Any of various cistaceous shrubs or herbaceous plants of the Eurasian genera Helianthemum, Tuberaria, and Cistus, cultivated for their yellow:white or reddish roselike flowers Thyme: It is a type of herb used in cooking. Rosemary: It is a herb used in cooking. It comes from an evergreen plant with small narrow leaves. Lavender: It  is a garden plant with sweet:smelling, bluish:purple flowers. Taiga: It is the coniferous forest located in the northern regions of the world. It is just south of the tundra. Steppe: Steppes are large areas of flat grassy land where there are no trees, especially the area that stretches from EasternEurope across the south of the former Soviet Union to Siberia. Storm: It is very bad weather, with heavy rain, strong winds, and often thunder and lightning. Snowy owls: A large owl, Nyctea scandiaca, of tundra regions, having a white plumage flecked with brownWalrus: A walrus is a large, fat animal which lives in the sea. It has two long teeth called tusks that point downwards. Eskimoes: An Eskimo is a member of the group of peoples who live in Alaska, Northern Canada, eastern Siberia, and other parts of the Arctic. These peoples now usually call themselves Inuits or Yupiks, and the term Eskimo could cause offence. Herding: A herd is a large group of animals of one kind that live together. Leather: It is treated animal skin which is used for making shoes, clothes, bags, and furniture. Moss: It is a very small softgreen plant which grows on dampsoil, or on wood or stone. Lichen: It is a group of tiny plants that looks like moss and grows on the surface of things such as rocks, trees, and walls. Cattle: Cattle are cows and bulls. Deciduous forest: Trees or bushes are one that loses its leaves in the autumn every year. Coniferous forest: A coniferous forest or wood is made up of conifers. Crops: Crops are plants such as wheat and potatoes that are grown in large quantities for food. Cattle grazing:  Grazing is allowing livestock to directly consume the growing forage; grasses, legumes, and forbs, in a pasture or rangeland. It is harvesting by animal instead of by machines. Grazing provides good nutrition and other benefits to the animal and can lead to more productive forage growth. VOCABULARY UNIT 6. EUROPE AND SPAIN Pastures: It is land with grass growing on it for farm animals to eat. Decidous: Tree or bush is one that loses its leaves in the autumn every year. Fodder: It is food that is given to cows, horses, and other animals. Forest exploitation: Forests have been exploited over the centuries as a source of wood and for obtaining land for agricultural use. The mismanagement of forest lands and forest resources has led to a situation where the forest is now in rapid retreat.  Rugged: A rugged area of land is uneven and covered with rocks, with few trees or plants. Commerce: It is the activities and procedures involved in buying and selling things. Capercaillies: a large European wood land grouse, Tetrao urogallus, having a black plumage and fan: shapedtail in the male. Otters: An otter is a small animal with brown fur, short legs, and a long tail. Otters swim well and eat fish. Metallurgy: Metallurgy is the scientific study of the properties and uses of metals. Drougths: A drought is a long period of time during which no rainfalls. Swell: A swell is the regular movement of waves up and down in the open sea. Hares: A hare is an animal like a rabbit but larger with long ears, long legs, and a small tail. Gravepines: A grapevine is a climbing plant on which grapes grow. Sugar beet: It is a crop with a large round root. It is grown for the sugar which can be obtained from this root. Barley: It  is a grain that is used to make food, beer, and whisky. Greenhouses: A greenhouse is a glass building in which you grow plants that need to be protected from bad weather. Drip: A drip is a small individual drop of a liquid. Aquifer: It is forms when the water can´t pass through the impermeable rocks Torrents: They are a lot of water falling or flowing rapidly or violently. Laurisilva: No tiene traducción al inglés: también llamada selva templada o bosque laurifolio, es un tipo de bosque nuboso subtropical o selva alta, propio de lugares húmedos, cálidos y con leves heladas o sin ellas, con grandes árboles, bejucos y lianas cuyas hojas se parecen a las del laurel, de lo cual toma el nombre. Power stations: A power station is a place where  electricity is produced. Leakages: A leakage is an amount of liquid or gas that is escaping from a pipe or container by means of a crack, hole, or other fault. Undergrowth: Undergrowth consists of bushes and plants growing together under the trees in a forest. VOCABULARY UNIT 7. PREHISTORY Paleolithic Age: It is a Prehistoric Ages. It extends from the emergence of our firs Antecessor to about 11000 years ago. Neolithic Age: It is a Prehistoric Ages.  It began about 11000 tears ago. Groups of human beings started to live in villages.  They practised agriculture and raised cattle. Metal Age: It is a Prehistoric Ages. It began about 7000 years ago. Human beings learned to use metals to make objects. Homo Habilis: It is a Human species. These appeared two million years ago. Their brain was bigger. Their name habilis mans skilful. They made stone tools and lived from hunting and gathering. Homo Erectus: It is a Human species. These appeared one and a half million years ago. They walked upright. This was the first species to live outside Africa. They lived in Europe and Asia. They discovered fire. Excalibur: It was also found in Atapuerca. It is not King Arthur’s sword. It is an extraordinary biface of beautiful red quartize. Nomadic: It is when the people moved from one place to another in the Paleolithic Age. Neolithic Revolution: Neolithic means new stone. Howeder it was not just the technology of stone instruments of stone instruments which was new. There were other important changes. Wheel: It is an object in the Metal Ages which greatly improved transport. Plough: It is an object in the Metal Ages which made working the land easier and faster. Menhir:It was single long vertical stones. They were probably connected to the cult of the Sun. Stone Circles: Its were wide circles formed by several menhirs. They probably had a religious function. Australopithecus: It is a Human species. These appeared about five million years ago. They wee very similar to chimpanzees. However the Australopithecus normally walked on two feet. Homo Antecessor: It is a Human species. They were the oldest human remains in Europe, that  appeared in Atapuerca Spain. They are 8000000 years ago. Homo Neanderthal: It is a Human species. They were a different specie who lived in Europe 150000 years ago. They were stronger than we are but shorter. They were the first species to bury their dead. It seems they were able to speak. Homo Sapiens: It is a Human species. Our specie appeared in Africa about 130000 years ago. Homo sapiens were slimmer but taller than Neanderthals. They enjoyed greater intellectual development. They were able to make finer tools. They developed a more complex language the ability to interact whit other human beings and to cooperate. They also created art. Atapuerca: It is one of the most interesting and beautiful sites relating to human evolution. This archaeological site is near Burgos in the north of Spain. It was found accidentally in the nineteenth century when a trench for a mining train was being built. However the most important discoveries have been made very recently. Biface: It is a prehistoric stone tool, made with two faces. Palaeolithic Art: It is a type of art, called cave art. About 35000 years ago human beings started decorating caves with paintings. Pottery: It is a Neolithic object. They used clay vessels to store cereal and bowls to eat and cook. Sail: It is an object in the Metal Ages which meant that ships could be bigger because they used the force of the wind. Neolithic monuments: They were monuments built with big blocks of stone in the last years of the Neolithic Age and during the Metal Ages. They  were called megaliths. Dolmens: They were complex constructions. Vertical stones covered by horizontal blocks. They were used as burial places. Stonehenge: The ruins at Stonehenge are the remains of a stone circle. The enormous stones which form the outside circle weigh around 25 tons each. The stones inside are even bigger. Archaeologists believe that Stonehenge was built over 5000 years ago but they do not agree about its function. Most people thick it is connected to the cult of the Sun. However it could also be an astrological observatory. VOCABULARY UNIT 8. MESOPOTAMIA Invention: A device or process that did not exist before.  Civilization: A large group of people with a highly organized society. Trader: A one whose business is buying and selling goods.  Slave: A person who is owned by someone else. Merchant: A person who buys and sells goods.  Irrigation: The use of streams, ditches, canals, and other means to water crops in place of rainfall.  Cuneiform: The wedge-shaped characters employed in the writing of several ancient languages of Mesopotamia and Persia, Sumerian, Babylonian, etc. Wedge: Shaped writing developed in Sumer.  Government: The system by which a country or state is governed. City-state: A city and surrounding land that make up an independent state, with its own ruler, army, and laws.  Trade: The exchange of money, goods, and services.  Law: A rule to regulate the way people act.  Class: A group to which certain people in society belong. Religion: Belief in and worship of a god or gods.  Temple: A building used for religious practices.  Priest: Person authorized to perform the sacred rights of a religion.  Astronomy: The study of the sun, moon, planets, and stars. Geography: The location and physical features of an area.  Arch: A curved structure that supports the weight of materials above it. Column: A slender upright structure that supports part of a building.  Map: A flat drawing or chart of part of the earth’s surface. VOCABULARY UNIT 9. EGYPT Invention: A device or process that did not exist before.  Civilization: A large group of people with a highly organized society.  Trader: Someone whose business is buying and selling goods.  Slave: A person who is owned by someone else. Merchant: A person who buys and sells goods.  Irrigation: The use of streams, ditches, canals, and other means to water crops in place of rainfall.  Hieroglyphic: A form of writing using picture symbols, as used in ancient Egypt. Government: the system by which a country or state is governed. Ka: (In ancient Egypt) an attendant spirit supposedly dwelling as a vital force in a person or statue. Mummification: The methods of embalming, or treating the dead body, that the ancient Egyptians used is called mummification. Pharaoh: A pharaoh was a king of ancient Egypt. Scribe: In the days before printing was common, a scribe was a person who wrote copies of things such as letters or documents. Trade: the exchange of money, goods, and services.  Law: a rule to regulate the way people act.  Class: a group to which certain people in society belong. Religion: belief in and worship of a god or gods. Temple: A building used for religious practices.  Priest: person authorized to perform the sacred rights of a religion.  Astronomy: the study of the sun, moon, planets, and stars. Geography: the location and physical features of an area.  Arch: a curved structure that supports the weight of materials above it.  Column: a slender upright structure that supports part of a building.  Map: a flat drawing or chart of part of the earth’s surface. Pyramids: Pyramids are ancient stone buildings with four triangular sloping sides. The most famous pyramids are those built in ancient Egypt to contain the bodies of their kings and queens. Sarcophagus: A sarcophagus is a large decorative container in which a dead body was placed in ancient times. VOCABULARY UNIT 10. ANCIENT GREECE Acropolis: An acropolis is a fortified citadel within a larger city. It is usually located on top of a hill and at the center of the city. The most famous acropolis is the Acropolis of Athens. Agora: The agora was the central meeting place in Ancient Greek cities. Democracy was born at the agora in Athens. Alexander the Great: A ruler of Ancient Greece who conquered much of the civilized world from Greece to India including Egypt. Archaic Period: The historical period of Ancient Greece from 800 BC to 480 BC. During this time the city:states of Athens and Sparta began to form. Greek philosophy and theatre began to develop as well. Aristotle: A Greek philosopher who introduced the idea of observing and recording nature. He also tutored Alexander the Great and began his own school in Athens. Assembly: In Athens the Assembly consisted of the group of citizens who showed up to vote. Athens: One of the most powerful Greek city:states, Athens was the birthplace of democracy. Chiton: A type of clothing worn by the Greeks. It was often made from a single piece of cloth with a belt at the waist. City:state: A city:state consisted of a large city and the surrounding areas. Ancient Greece consisted of a number of independent city:states such as Athens, Thebes, and Sparta. Classical Period: The historical period of Ancient Greece from 480 BC to 323 BC. During this time Athens was ruled by democracy. Also, Sparta and Athens fought the Peloponnesian War. It ended with the rise of Alexander the Great. Cuirass: A piece of armor, usually made from metal, that covered the front of the torso. Delian League: A group of Greek city:states that joined together to fight against the Persian Empire. Democracy: A form of government where citizens have a say in how they are ruled including choosing their leaders and deciding on laws. Ephors: The ephors were five leaders in Sparta who were chosen to oversee the Spartan kings. They were elected annually. Helots: The helots were the serfs or slaves that worked for the Spartans. The majority of the people who Sparta ruled were helots. Hellenistic Period: The Hellenistic Period of Ancient Greece lasted from 323 BC when Alexander the Great came to power to 146 BC when Rome conquered Greece. Homer: A Greek epic poet who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey. Hoplite: The hoplites were the citizen:soldiers of the Greek city:states. Macedonia: A region of northern Ancient Greece, Macedonia was home to the Greek kings Philip II and Alexander the Great. Oligarchy: A type of government where the power is held by a few people. Olympics: An athletic event held by the Ancient Greeks every four years. Peloponnese: A large peninsula located in southern Greece. Many powerful Greek city:states were located here including Sparta, Argos, and Corinth. Pericles: A leader of Athens during its golden age, Pericles promoted the arts and literature in the city. He also had many of the major structures built including the Parthenon. Plato: A Greek philosopher who founded the Academy in Athens and wrote many philosophical dialogues. Polis: The Greek name for a city-state. Socrates: A Greek philosopher who is considered to be the founder of western philosophy. Sparta: A power Greek city:state and rival to Athens, Sparta’s culture was based around warfare and preparing for battle. Stadion: The original Olympic event, the stadion was a running race the length of the stadium. Strategos: The name for the general of the Athenian army. Titans: The Titans were the first Greek gods. They were overthrown by their children, the Olympians. Trireme: A type of boat used by the Ancient Greeks. It had three rows of oars on each side. Tyrant: The ruler of a Greek city:state, a tyrant was like a king. Today the word tyrant is used to describe a ruler who rules unfairly or unjustly. VOCABULARY UNIT 11. ANCIENT ROME Aqueduct: A channel for carrying the main water supply to a Roman town, usually built above ground and supported by stone arches. Auditorium: A Latin word meaning “a place for listening. Barbarian: The word used by Romans when referring to all foreigners not part of the empire. Later, this came to refer to uncivilized, violent, mostly Germanic and Asian tribes that attacked the empire. Britannia: the Roman province of Britain, today’s England; first conquered by the emperor Claudius in 43 A.D.and abandoned in 410 A.D. Caesar: A Latin word meaning “hairy one” that was the family name of Julius Caesar. The title Caesar was adopted by emperors from Augustus in 27 B.C., up until Hadrian in 117 A.D. The word Caesar was modified by the Russians to “czar,” a title for their king, and by the Germans and Austrians to “kaiser” for some of their rulers. Caldarium: The hot room of Roman baths with the hottest bathing pools.circus: a racetrack or a circle. Civilized: A word taken from the Roman word “civitas” meaning the citizens of Rome. Centurion: An army officer in charge of a century. Century: A unit of the Roman army made up of 60-80 men. Cloaca: A large underground drain. Rome’s Cloaca Maxima is still in use today. Cohort: An army unit of 600:800 men. Consul: One or two supreme heads of state during the Roman Republic that were elected each year. Colosseum: A large amphitheater where gladiator contests were held.emperor: a supreme ruler of the Roman Empire. Forum: A large, open square. The Roman Forum and the Imperial Forum were the locations of ancient Rome’s main buildings of government, greatest monuments and most important temples. Frigidarium: The cold room of Roman baths that contained the cold pools.gladiator: an armed man who fought to the death with other gladiators and with animals. Most gladiators were slaves or Criminals. hypocaust: An underfloor heating chamber through which hot air from the furnace passed to warm a Roman building. Insula:A block in a Roman town or a block of apartments for the common citizens of Roman towns. Imperator: The Latin word for emperor.  Latin: The language of the ancient Romans that gave rise to the French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian languages and contributed many words to the English language. Legion: The largest division of the Roman army consisting of 4000-6000 men. Magistrate: Certain elected officials who governed Rome during the Republic. Monotheism: A religion, such as Christianity, that recognizes only a single, all: powerful god. orchestra: The semicircular area in front of the stage of a Roman theater. Patricians: Wealthy and powerful Roman noblemen. Pax Romana: The “Roman Peace.” The term of peace imposed by Rome on any of its dominions; a general term referring to roughly 200 years of Roman peace and prosperity from about 27 B.C. to 180 A.D. Plebians: The common people of Rome. Province: A conquered territory of Rome; from the Latin word “provincia” meaning area of command. polytheism: a religion based on many gods and goddesses, such as the ancient Roman religion. Senate: A council of 300 important citizens whose task was to advise the consuls during the Roman Republic, but who, in fact, practically ruled Rome during most of this period. Stadium: Another Latin world for racecourse. Tepidarium: The warm room of the Roman baths containing the warm pools. Thermae: Latin word for baths. Toga: The flowing garment worn by Roman men. Tribunes: Government representatives of the common Roman people. VOCABULARY UNIT 12. ANCIENT SPAIN Iberians: A member of a group of ancient peoples who inhabited the Iberian Peninsula in preclassical and classical times. Celts: If you describe someone as a Celt, you mean that they are part of the racial group which comes from Scotland, Wales, Ireland, and some other areas such as Brittany. Inhabit: If a place or region is inhabited by a group of people or a species of animal, those people or animals live there. Fortified settlement: (Of a place) defensible, due to walls, trenches, etc. Craftsman: A craftsman is a man who makes things skilfully with his hands. Warrior: A warrior is a fighter or soldier, especially one in former times who was very brave and experienced in fighting. Trader: A trader is a person whose job is to trade in goods or stocks. Greeks: A native or inhabitant of Greece or a descendant of such a native. Alps: A mountain range in S central Europe, extending over 1000 km (650 miles) from the Mediterranean coast of France and NW Italy through Switzerland, N Italy, and Austria to Slovenia. Highest peak: Mont Blanc, 4807 m. Ancient History: It  is the history of ancient civilizations, especially Greece and Rome. Aqueduct: A channel for carrying the main water supply to a Roman town, usually built above ground and supported by stone arches. Barbarians: The word used by Romans when referring to all foreigners not part of the empire. Later, this came to refer to uncivilized, violent, mostly Germanic and Asian tribes that attacked the empire. Bridge: A bridge is a structure that is built over a railway, river, or road so that people or vehicles can cross from one side to the other. Celtiberians: A member of a Celtic people (Celtiberi) who inhabited the Iberian peninsula during classical times Christianity: It is a religion that is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ and the belief that he was the son of God. City: It is a large town. City walls: Structures or ramparts built to protect and surround a position or place for defensive purposes Coin: It is a small piece of metal which is used as money. Colony: It is a country which is controlled by a more powerful country. Culture: Culture consists of activities such as the arts and philosophy, which are considered to be important for the development of civilization and of people’s minds. Defeat: If you defeat someone, you win a victory over them in a battle, game, or contest. Emperor: An emperor is a man who rules an empire or is the head of state in an empire. Fall: If someone or something falls, they move quickly downwards onto or towards the ground, by accident or because of a natural force. Free people: Someone who is free is no longer a prisoner or a slave. Greece: A republic in SE Europe, occupying the S part of the Balkan Peninsula and many islands in the Ionian and Aegean Seas; site of two of Europe’s earliest civilizations (the Minoan and Mycenaean); in the classical era divided into many small independent city–states, the most important being Athens and Sparta; part of the Roman and Byzantine Empires; passed under Turkish rule in the late Middle Ages Invade:To invade a country means to enter it by force with an army. Latin: The language of the ancient Romans that gave rise to the French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian languages and contributed many words to the English language. Law: It is a system of rules that a society or government develops in order to deal with crime, business agreements, and social relationships. You can also use the law to refer to the people who work in this system. Governor: In some systems of government, a governor is a person who is in charge of the political administration of a region or state. Army: An army is a large organized group of people who are armed and trained to fight on land in a war. Most armies are organized and controlled by governments. Polis: The Greek name for a city-state. Phoenician: A member of an ancient Semitic people of NW Syria who dominated the trade of the ancient world in the first millennium bc and founded colonies throughout the Mediterranean. Carthaginian: An ancient city-state in N Africa, near modern Tunis: founded by the Phoenicians in the middle of the 9th century b.c.; destroyed in 146 b.c. in the last of the Punic Wars. Civilization: A civilization is a human society with its own social organization and culture.  Numantia: An ancient city in N Spain: a centre of Celtic resistance to Rome in N Spain; captured by Scipio the Younger in 133 bc  Province: A province is a large section of a country which has its own administration. Religion: Belief in and worship of a god or gods. Remains: Any pieces, scraps, fragments, etc, that are left unused or still extant, as after use, consumption, the passage of time, etc Roman Empire: The territories ruled by ancient Rome. At its height under Trajan, the Roman Empire included W and S Europe, Africa north of the Sahara, and SW Asia. In 395 ad it was divided by Theodosius into the Eastern Roman Empire whose capital was Byzantium and which lasted until 1453, and the Western Roman Empire which lasted until the sack of Rome in 476 Romanisation: In the historical and cultural meanings of both terms—indicate different historical processes, such as acculturation, integration and assimilation of newly incorporated and peripheral populations by the Roman Republic and the later Roman Empire.  Siege: A siege is a military or police operation in which soldiers or police surround a place in order to force the people there to come out or give up control of the place. Slave: A person who is owned by someone else. Temple: A building used for religious practices.  Trade: It is the activity of buying, selling, or exchanging goods or services between people, firms, or countries.Tribe: It is sometimes used to refer to a group of people of the same race, language, and customs, especially in a developing country. Some people disapprove of this use.